Vocabulary:
Noun suffixes:|
suffix |
examples of nouns |
|
-age |
village dosage orphanage footage postage |
|
-al |
arrival (bury) burial (defer=يؤجل) deferral |
|
-ance/-ence |
reliance resistance governance dependence (US : dependance) insistence defence |
|
-dom |
boredom freedom (wise) wisdom kingdom |
|
-ee |
employee interviewee payee trainee |
|
-er/-or |
teacher driver writer actor director |
|
-ess |
actress tigress stewardess waitress |
|
-hood |
brotherhood childhood brotherhood neighbourhood |
|
-ism |
capitalism Marxism socialism tourism feminism |
|
-ist |
capitalist Marxist socialist scientist feminist |
|
-ity/-ty/-y |
brutality equality cruelty safety anxiety poverty recovery difficulty |
|
-ment |
amazement, disappointment deferment government |
|
-ness |
happiness kindness usefulness fitness awareness |
|
-ry |
entry ministry robbery |
|
-ship |
friendship membership leadership championship |
|
-sion/-tion/-xion/-ation |
expression pollution contextualisation complexion |
|
-cy |
accuracy literacy dependency residency |
Adjective suffixes:|
Suffix |
Examples of adjectives |
|
-able -ible |
drinkable portable flexible possible terrible |
|
-al |
natural brutal formal postal |
|
-ial |
financial residential (picture; pictorial) industrial memorial |
|
-en |
broken golden wooden |
|
-ful |
forgetful helpful ≠ unhelpful useful |
|
-less |
homeless hopeless useless helpless= someone who cannot help himself |
|
-ive |
active descriptive destructive communicative productive |
|
-ly |
daily weekly monthly yearly |
|
-y |
wealthy healthy cloudy rainy windy frosty snowy sunny foggy misty |
|
-ous |
cautious famous anxious nervous hazardous |
|
-ic |
classic Islamic touristic poetic |
|
-ish |
childish selfish foolish |
|
-ary |
necessary secondary imaginary revolutionary |
|
-ory |
explanatory contradictory satisfactory compulsory |
| Suffix |
Adjectives of nationality |
|
-ish |
Britain British Turkey Turkish Spain Spanish Denmark Danish Finland Finnish Scotland Scottish Sweden Swedish England English |
|
-an |
Morocco Moroccan America American Angola Angolan |
|
-ian |
Canada Canadian Italy Italian Malaysia Malaysian Peru Peruvian |
|
-ese |
China Chinese Congo Congolese Lebanon Lebanese Benin Beninese Japan Japanese Vietnam Vietnamese |
|
-i |
Iraq Iraqi Pakistan Pakistani Kuwait Kuwaiti Oman Omani Qatar Qatari Azerbaijan Azerbaijani Bangladesh Bangladeshi Somalia Somali Yemen Yemeni |
Verb suffixes:
|
Suffix |
Examples of verbs |
|
-ate |
complicate dominate irritate |
|
-en |
harden soften shorten (strong; strengthen) (long; lengthen) |
|
-ify |
rectify beautify clarify identify |
|
-ise/-ize |
economise realise, industrialize (-ise is most common in
British English; -ize is most common in American English) |
Adverb suffixes:|
Suffix |
Examples of adverbs |
|
-ly |
calmly easily quickly |
|
N.B |
Adjectives ending in –e, omit (e)+ ly: possible; possibly gentle; gently Exceptions: sole; solely /ˈsəʊlli/ |
|
Irregular adverbs |
hard; hard fast; fast high; high good; well |
|
-ward(s) |
backwards forwards downwards homeward(s) upwards |
|
-wise |
anti-clockwise clockwise edgewise |