UNIT VIII: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Listen and Read (Pronunciation Practice) p.91

Marie Curie was a Polish-born physicist and chemist and one of the most famous scientists of her time. Together with her husband Pierre, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1903, and she went on to win another in 1911.

Marie Sklodowska was born in Warsaw on 7 November 1867, the daughter of a teacher. In 1891, she went to Paris to study physics and mathematics at the Sorbonne where she met Pierre Curie, professor of the School of Physics. They were married in 1895.

The Curies worked together investigating radioactivity, building on the work of the German physicist Roentgen and the French physicist Becquerel. In July 1898, the Curies announced the discovery of a new chemical element, polonium. At the end of the year, they announced the discovery of another, radium. The Curies, along with Becquerel, were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903.

Pierre's life was cut short in 1906 when he was knocked down and killed by a carriage. Marie took over his teaching post, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne, and devoted (= to give your time or effort completely to something you believe in or to a person, or to use a particular amount of time or energy doing something) herself to continuing the work that they had begun together. She received a second Nobel Prize, for Chemistry, in 1911.

The Curie's research was crucial (= extremely important or necessary) in the development of x-rays in surgery. During World War One Curie helped to equip ambulances with x-ray equipment, which she herself drove to the front lines. The International Red Cross made her head of its radiological service and she held training courses for medical orderlies (orderly= a hospital worker who does jobs for which no training is necessary, such as helping the nurses or carrying heavy things) and doctors in the new techniques.

Despite her success, Marie continued to face great opposition from male scientists in France, and she never received significant financial benefits from her work. By the late 1920s her health was beginning to deteriorate (= become worse) . She died on 4 July 1934 from leukaemia (= سَرطان الدَمّ (اللوكيميا)), caused by exposure to high-energy radiation from her research. The Curies' eldest daughter Irene was herself a scientist and winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

Reference: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/curie_marie.shtml

Carriage

Awarded

knocked down by a car

Grammar Practice: p.91

Reference: https://www.grammar.cl/Intermediate/Question_Tags.htm

Answering Tag Questions:

How do we answer a tag question? Often, we just say Yes or No. Sometimes we may repeat the tag and reverse it (They don't live here, do they? Yes, they do). Be very careful about answering tag questions. In some languages, an opposite system of answering is used, and non-native English speakers sometimes answer in the wrong way. This can lead to a lot of confusion!

Answer a tag question according to the truth of the situation. Your answer reflects the real facts, not (necessarily) the question.

For example, everyone knows that snow is white. Look at these questions, and the correct answers:

Tag question	Correct answer	*Notes*
Snow is white, isn't it?	Yes (it is).	Answer is same in both cases - because snow is white!	But notice change of stress when answerer does not agree with questioner.
Snow isn't white, is it?	Yes it is!	Answer is same in both cases - because snow is white!
Snow is black, isn't it?	No it isn't!	Answer is same in both cases - because snow is not black!
Snow isn't black, is it?	No (it isn't).	Answer is same in both cases - because snow is not black!

In some languages, people answer a question like "Snow isn't black, is it?" with "Yes" (meaning "Yes, I agree with you"). This is the wrong answer in English!

Here are some more examples, with correct answers:

The moon goes round the earth, doesn't it? Yes, it does.

The earth is bigger than the moon, isn't it? Yes.

The earth is bigger than the sun, isn't it? No, it isn't!

Asian people don't like rice, do they? Yes, they do!

Elephants live in Europe, don't they? No, they don't!

Men don't have babies, do they? No.

The English alphabet doesn't have 40 letters, does it? No, it doesn't.

Reference: https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/tag-questions.htm

Listening: p. 92

photoelectric effect= التأثير الكهروضوئي.

Reading: p. 93

typhoid fever /ˌtaɪ.fɔɪd ˈfiː.vər/: an infectious disease spread by dirty water and food, causing a high body temperature, red spots on the upper body, severe pains in the bowels, and sometimes death. (حمى التيفود)

rabies /ˈreɪ.biːz/: a serious disease of the nervous system that can cause death. Rabies can be passed on to humans by other animals. (داء الكلب= french: rage)

bite (simple past: bit/past participle: bitten)

seek: to try to find or get something, especially something that is not a physical object. (simple past/past participle: sought)

prevent: to stop something from happening or someone from doing something.

beg: to make a very strong and urgent request. (يَتَسَوَّل, يَرْجو)

Listen & Read (Pronunciation Practice): p. 94

melt: to turn from something solid into something soft or liquid, or to cause something to do this.

ice melting

ice-cream melting

Artificial saccharin

Grammar Practice: p.94

Grammar Analysis: Past Continuous:

Form: to be (in the past simple: was/were)+v+ing

Spelling rules:

Silent "e", drop the "e"+ing:

Become Take Have Practise	Becoming Taking Having Practising
Exceptions:
Singe Dye Age Shoe	Singeing Dyeing Ageing Shoeing

Short verbs: 1 vowel+1 consonant: 2 vowels:

Swim Dig Sit	Swimming Digging Sitting
Exceptions: verbs ending in: “x” and “w”
Fix Box Snow	Fixing Boxing Snowing

Short verbs: 1 vowel+2 consonants: no change:

Help
Talk
Work

Helping
Talking
Working

Short verbs: 2 vowel+1 consonant: no change:

Look Eat Heat	Looking Eating Heating
Exceptions:
Dial Fuel	Dialling Fuelling

Long verbs: When the last consonant is stressed, the last letter is doubled:

Upset /ʌpˈset/
Admit /ədˈmɪt/
Deter /dɪˈtɜːr/
Forget /fəˈɡet/

Upsetting
Admitting
Deterring
forgetting

Long verbs: When the first consonant is stressed, the last letter is not doubled: no change:

enter /ˈen.tər/ budget /ˈbʌdʒ.ɪt/ Whisper /ˈwɪs.pər/ Visit /ˈvɪz.ɪt/ Benefit /ˈben.ɪ.fɪt/	Entering Budgeting Whispering Visiting Benefiting
Exceptions:
Travel /ˈtræv.əl/ Label /ˈleɪ.bəl/ Kidnap /ˈkɪd.næp/ Cancel /ˈkæn.səl/ Worship /ˈwɜː.ʃɪp/	Travelling Labelling Kidnapping Cancelling Worshipping

Verbs ending in "c"+k+ing:

Picnic
Traffic
Mimic

Picnicking
Trafficking
Mimicking

Verbs ending in "ie", change "ie" into "y"+ing:

Die
Lie

Dying
Lying

Use:

Indicate a precise time in the past:

Last night at 9 p.m. she was chatting with her friend.

At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.

Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

A long action (past continuous), interrupted by a short action (past simple): when=while

I was watching TV when the light went off.

When the light went off, I was watching TV.

While/When I was watching TV, the light went off.

The light went off while/when I was watching TV .

Simultaneity/Simultaneousness: Two long actions in the past: while=as=at the same time

She was reading while her brother was drawing.

My friends were playing football while I was waiting in the locker room.

While/As they were having dinner, their neighbours were flying

to Paris.

For further information:

https://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastcontinuous.html

Listening: p.95

carbonated water= مياه غازية.

aniline \ˈa-nə-lən\: an oily liquid poisonous amine C6H5NH2 obtained especially by the reduction of nitrobenzene and used chiefly in organic synthesis (as of dyes).

mauve /məʊv/

mauve flower

synthetic dye

arthritis /ɑːˈθraɪ.tɪs/: a serious condition in which a person's joints (= the places where two bones are connected) become painful, swollen, and stiff. (=التهاب المفاصل)

mould (US:mold): a soft, green or grey growth that develops on old food or on objects that have been left for too long in warm, wet air.

mould

Polaroid /ˈpəʊ.lər.ɔɪd/: a brand name for a camera that takes a picture and prints it after a few seconds, or a photograph taken with this type of camera.

Communication: p.95

Jake:Hi, Laura. Did you have a good weekend?

Laura:It was OK. I bought a new game. I played it all weekend.

Jake:You played a video game all weekend?

Laura:Yeah. What about you. What did you do?

Jake:We went to the match on Saturday.

Laura:That's cool. Was it good?

Jake:Yeah. Why don't you come with us next time?

Laura:OK. Why not? Did you do anything else?

Jake:We had a barbecue on Sunday.

Laura:How was it?

Jake:It was terrible. It rained heavily!

Reference

Reading: p.96