Simple Past:
To be:
Affirmative:
You/We/They were
Examples: Yesterday morning I/he/she was at school/tired/happy.
Last week it was hot.
Two days ago you/we/they were late/on holiday/at home.
Nagative: was/were + not Examples:
Yesterday he was not (wasn’t) at school.
There was not any sugar.
There was not any sugar.
There were not (weren't) any boys in the garden yesterday morning.
Interrogative:
Inversion of subject verb: (to be + subject...?= was/were+subject...?)
Examples: Was it hot last August?
Were Ahmed and Ali absent yesterday?
To have:
Affirmative: Subject + had
Examples:
I had a terrible nightmare yesterday.
Nagative: did+not+have (infinitive)
Examples:
We didn't have any money.
We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
Interrogative: Did+subject+have(infinitive)...?
Examples:
Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
Regular Verbs:
Affirmative: Subject+verb+ed/d
Examples:
John Cabot sailed to America in 1498. (to sail)
My father died last year. (to die)
He lived in Fiji in 1976. (to live)
We crossed the Channel yesterday. (to cross)
Nagative: did+not (didn't) +have (infinitive)
Examples:
We didn't do our exercises this morning.
Interrogative:
Yes/No question: Did+subject+verb (infinitive)...?
Examples:
Wh questions: Question word+did+Did+subject+verb (infinitive)...?
Examples:
Pronunciation of -ed: /d/, /t/, /ıd/
Verbs ending in /d/ or /t/ -ed is pronounced /ıd/
Examples:
Verbs ending in /t/, /k/, /p/, /f/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/, /s/, /ks/ -ed is pronounced /t/
Examples:
To have: Affirmative: Subject + had Examples: I had a terrible nightmare yesterday.
They had a good time in the pool last week.
You also had some work to do yesterday.
Nagative: did+not+have (infinitive) Examples: We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
Interrogative: Did+subject+have(infinitive)...? Examples:
Did she have a headache yesterday?
Regular Verbs: Affirmative: Subject+verb+ed/d Examples: John Cabot sailed to America in 1498. (to sail)
My father died last year. (to die)
He lived in Fiji in 1976. (to live)
We crossed the Channel yesterday. (to cross)
Nagative: did+not (didn't) +have (infinitive) Examples:
Last week we did not visit our grandparents.
They didn't travel to Paris last holiday.
Interrogative: Yes/No question: Did+subject+verb (infinitive)...? Examples:
Did you watch that movie last week?
Did he call you yesterday?
Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?
Wh questions: Question word+did+Did+subject+verb (infinitive)...? Examples:
When did you watch that movie?
Why did you travel to Rabat last week?
Where did he travel two days ago?
Pronunciation of -ed: /d/, /t/, /ıd/ Verbs ending in /d/ or /t/ -ed is pronounced /ıd/ Examples:
need
| needed |
/ni:dıd/
|
add
|
added
|
/ædıd/
|
want
|
wanted
|
/wαntıd/
|
visit
|
visited
|
/vısıtıd/
|
Verbs ending in /t/, /k/, /p/, /f/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/, /s/, /ks/ -ed is pronounced /t/
/ʃ/=ش
Examples:
pass
|
passed
|
/pɑːst/
|
fix
|
fixed
|
/fıkst/
|
finish
|
finished
|
/ fınıʃt/
|
watch
|
watched
|
/wαtʃt/
|
cough
|
coughed
|
/kαft/
|
puff
|
puffed
|
/pʌft/
|
stop
|
stopped
|
/stɒpt /
|
help
|
helped
|
/helpt /
|
walk
|
walked
|
/wɑːkt/
|
look
|
looked
|
/lʊkt/
|
Apart from the letters mentioned above -ed is pronounced /d/ Examples:
clean
|
cleaned
|
/kli:nd/
|
judge
|
judged
|
/dʒʌdʒd/
|
travel
|
travelled
|
/trævld/
|
play
|
played
|
/pleɪd/
|
enjoy
|
enjoyed
|
/endʒɔɪd/
|
copy
|
copied
|
/kɒpɪd/
|
study
|
studied
|
/stʌdıd/
|
Spelling rules:
1v+1c= 2 consonants:
stop stopped drop dropped ban banned
Exceptions: don't double if the verb finishes with an "x", "y" or "w":
fix
|
fixed
|
mix
|
mixed
|
play
|
played
|
stay
|
stayed
|
bow
|
bowed
|
1v+2cs= no change:
help
|
helped
|
walk
|
walked
|
Exceptions:
dial dialled
fuel fuelled
2vs+1c= no change: look looked heat heated
2vs+1c= no change: look looked heat heated 1v+y+ ed played1c+y change y into i+ed study studiedIf the verb finishes with a "c", past simple is "ck":| panic | panicked |
| picnic | picnicked |
If stress is on the last syllable, double the consonant :
to re'fer
|
referred
|
to pre'fer
|
preferred
|
to oc'cur
|
occurred
|
to e'mit
|
emitted
|
Exceptions:
to ex'port | exported |
to pres'ent | presented |
to de'velop | developed |
If stress is on the first syllable, there is no doubling :
to 'visit
|
visited
|
to 'open
|
opened
|
to 'listen
|
listened
|
to 'happen
|
happened
|
Exceptions:
to 'travel
|
travelled
|
to 'label
|
labelled
|
to 'worship
|
worshipped
|
to 'kidnap
|
kidnapped
|
Adverbials used with the past simple:
yesterday Last+... ...+ago The day before yesterday= two days before Any time expression that refers to a date before now requires a past tense. Examples: in 1998 on June 21st (if this date was before now) on June 21st, 2000 during 1995 in the 19th Century last Christmas, etc.
References:
http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar/simple_past_tense02.html http://www.profdanglais.com/verbes-irreguliers-anglais/liste-des-verbes-pdf.php?Niv=nc&Perso=nc https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/adverbial_phrases.htm Irregular Verbs: