UNIT I: GRAMMAR ANALYSIS

 Simple Past:

 To be:

 Affirmative: 

I/He/She was

You/We/They were

 Examples: 

Yesterday morning I/he/she was at school/tired/happy.
Last week it was hot.
Two days ago you/we/they were late/on holiday/at home.

 Nagative: was/were + not

 Examples: 

Yesterday he was not (wasn’t) at school.
There was not any sugar.

There were not (weren't)  any boys in the garden yesterday morning.

 Interrogative: 

Inversion of subject verb: (to be + subject...?= was/were+subject...?)

 Examples: 

Where was he last night?
Was it hot last August?

Were Ahmed and Ali absent yesterday?

 To have:

 Affirmative: Subject + had

 Examples: 

I had a terrible nightmare yesterday.

They had a good time in the pool last week.

You also had some work to do yesterday.

 Nagative: did+not+have (infinitive)

 Examples: 

We didn't have any money.
We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.

 Interrogative: Did+subject+have(infinitive)...?

 Examples: 

Did you have a bicycle when you were young?

Did she have a headache yesterday?

 Regular Verbs:

 Affirmative: Subject+verb+ed/d

 Examples: 

John Cabot sailed to America in 1498. (to sail)
My father died last year. (to die)
He lived in Fiji in 1976. (to live)
We crossed the Channel yesterday. (to cross)

 Nagative: did+not (didn't) +have (infinitive)

 Examples: 

We didn't do our exercises this morning.

Last week we did not visit our grandparents.

They didn't travel to Paris last holiday.

 Interrogative: 

 Yes/No question: Did+subject+verb (infinitive)...?

 Examples: 

Did you watch that movie last week?

Did he call you yesterday?

Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

 Wh questions: Question word+did+Did+subject+verb (infinitive)...?

 Examples: 

When did you watch that movie?

Why did you travel to Rabat last week?

Where did he travel two days ago?

 Pronunciation of -ed: /d/, /t/, /ıd/

 Verbs ending in /d/ or /t/ -ed is pronounced /ıd/

 Examples: 

need	needed	/ni:dıd/
add	added	/ædıd/
want	wanted	/wαntıd/
visit	visited	/vısıtıd/

 Verbs ending in /t/, /k/, /p/, /f/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/, /s/, /ks/ -ed is pronounced /t/

/ʃ/=ش

 Examples: 

pass	passed	/pɑːst/
fix	fixed	/fıkst/
finish	finished	/ fınıʃt/
watch	watched	/wαtʃt/
cough	coughed	/kαft/
puff	puffed	/pʌft/
stop	stopped	/stɒpt /
help	helped	/helpt /
walk	walked	/wɑːkt/
look	looked	/lʊkt/

Apart from the letters mentioned above -ed is pronounced /d/

 Examples: 

clean	cleaned	/kli:nd/
judge	judged	/dʒʌdʒd/
travel	travelled	/trævld/
play	played	/pleɪd/
enjoy	enjoyed	/endʒɔɪd/
copy	copied	/kɒpɪd/
study	studied	/stʌdıd/

 Spelling rules:

1v+1c= 2 consonants: 

         stop  stopped  drop   dropped      ban    banned

         Exceptions:  don't double if the verb finishes with an "x", "y" or "w":
 

fix	fixed
mix	mixed
play	played
stay	stayed
bow	bowed

         

1v+2cs= no change: 

         

help	helped
walk	walked

         Exceptions:

         dial     dialled

         fuel     fuelled

2vs+1c= no change:   look    looked   heat    heated  

1v+y+ ed         played

1c+y change y into i+ed        study    studied

If the verb finishes with a "c", past simple is "ck":

panic	panicked
picnic	picnicked

 If stress is on the last syllable, double the consonant :

to re'fer	referred
to pre'fer	preferred
to oc'cur	occurred
to e'mit	emitted

       

Exceptions:

to ex'port	exported
to pres'ent	presented
to de'velop	developed

 If stress is on the first syllable, there is no doubling :

to 'visit	visited
to 'open	opened
to 'listen	listened
to 'happen	happened

Exceptions:

to 'travel	travelled
to 'label	labelled
to 'worship	worshipped
to 'kidnap	kidnapped

 Adverbials used with the past simple:

 yesterday

 Last+...

 ...+ago

 The day before yesterday= two days before

 Any time expression that refers to a date before now requires a past tense.

 Examples: 

 in 1998

 on June 21st (if this date was before now)

 on June 21st, 2000

 during 1995

 in the 19th Century

 last Christmas, etc.

 References:

 http://jottings.over-blog.com/article-past-simple-doubling-of-final-consonants-57062802.html

 http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar/simple_past_tense02.html

 http://www.profdanglais.com/verbes-irreguliers-anglais/liste-des-verbes-pdf.php?Niv=nc&Perso=nc

 https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/adverbial_phrases.htm


 Irregular Verbs: